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Is it Really a Black Hole?
Or is it a Black Bubble?

A black hole is a theoretical region of space occupied by matter in which the gravitational field is so powerful that nothing, not even electromagnetic radiation (e.g. visible light), can escape its pull after having fallen past its event horizon. The term 'Black Hole derives from the fact that the absorption of visible light renders the 'hole' invisible, indistinguishable from the black space around it. It’s generally accepted by most cosmologists that black holes do exist in our universe, in fact scientists have recently discovered a massive black hole in the center of our own galaxy.

A scientific team in California led by Professor George Cummins have now discovered that a black hole may not be an infinitely solid object.

In the case of a Black Hole the density of the object has reached a point where the velocity required to escape from its gravitational pull is the same as the speed of light. In other words the speed of gravity has reached the speed of light, a condition where all matter and electromagnetic energy cannot escape without exceeding the speed of light.

Contrary to the Wikipedia explanation that states that the escape velocity of a black hole 'exceeds the speed of light', professor Cummins states that in order to comply with the theory of relativity the 'speed of gravity' can only equal the speed of light and that the 'event horizon' is in fact the only place in space and time that can accommodate all the matter that makes up a black hole.

Consider for a moment the way in which gravity acts upon any sphere of matter. For example the Earth or even a large super dense body of matter. Both have zero gravity at their center, the pull of gravity being equal in all directions at that point. It follows then that the maximum effect of gravity only exists at the surface of the object.

A super dense object is usually thought of as being a super solid, however in order to understand the mechanics of a Black Bubble it's necessary to consider that the enormous pressures involved breakdown our conventional understanding of 'solid'. Matter at such pressures exhibits the characteristics of a thixotropic liquid with sub-atomic particles becoming ever closer together.

At the moment in time when the density of an object reaches a critical point and a black hole comes into existence anything, matter or light, in the vicinity of the super dense body is going to be 'captured'. So when the speed of gravity equals the speed of light even the 'liquid' super dense matter inside the sphere will be attracted to the surface, expanding rapidly to form a super thin shell of super dense matter will form at the event horizon layer, a massive Black Bubble.

According to Professor Cummins the thickness of the shell would be a fraction of an atom thick making it not only the densest form of matter but also the smoothest object in the universe.

Until now scientists have referred to the point where gravitational pull (escape velocity) matches the speed of light as the point of singularity. The Black Bubble theory goes one step further and speculates that the event horizon 'is' a shell of super dense matter.

When electromagnetic energy reaches an event horizon, it cannot 'pass through', it's simply absorbed into the event horizon itself.

This new approach to super dense matter has opened up a whole new field of speculation raising new questions such as:

• What happens to light if indeed it can 'pass through' the event horizon into the region of ‘truly empty space'?
• Does the captured electromagnetic energy form a thin film coating on the inner and outer surfaces of the sphere?
• Is captured electromagnetic energy absorbed into the very essence of the event horizon or Black Bubble shell?
• What happens if Black Bubbles collide?
• Is there a maximum size a Black Bubble can achieve?
• Do Black Bubbles wobble on impact with matter?
• Is there a maximum size Black Bubbles can achieve and at that point do they divide into smaller bubbles?
• Because the speed of light cannot ve violated and the stasis of a Black Bubble is maintained only because the speed of light and the speed of gravity are equal then a Black bubble must be stationery in relation to the center of the universe.

Scientists on the research team are divided about what environment may exist inside the shell. Some speculate that it is a region of captured electromagnetic radiation (Figure 1), with photons continually in motion, reflected by the super smooth inner surface of the bubble.

The main body of opinion is that the interior of a Black Bubble is the only 'truly empty space' in the Universe, light arriving at the Black Bubble is trapped in the shell (Figures 2,3). Any electro magnetic energy inside the bubble, like matter will be attracted to the inner surface of the bubble shell at the point at which super density is reached.

Professor Cummins is now considering the possibility that super-large Black Bubbles may not be physically feasible and that there size may be limited by physical restraints. In this case Black Holes may be made up of colonies of Micro Black Bubbles that upon reaching a certain size spawn infant Micro Black Bubbles (Figure 4). Black Holes may in fact be thought of as the ultimate Aero Bar.

 

Diagrams

Light arriving at the convex outer 'shell' of the Black Bubble passes through the shell. The super smooth concave and highly reflective inner surface captures the light which remains in continual motion.

A close-up cross section through the shell of the Black Bubble showing the action of electromagnetic radiation as it is captured by the Black Bubble. Note that the angle at which the electromagnetic radiation arrives at the outer surface of the bubble determines whether or not it passes through the shell before being absorbed into the shell itself.

Each Micro Black Bubble upon reaching its optimal size spawns an infant Micro Black Bubble that nestles centrally balanced in the space between adjacent mature Micro Black Bubbles.